IPE 111

      The Beautiful Game

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Week 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16

 

#	Topics, Readings and Web Links	Assignments & Notes
1A	The rules of the game. GOLDBLATT conclusion   Is it cheating to begin at the end?  Perhaps, but I want to give you a glimpse of where this course is going and the sort of topics we are going to discuss.  So read the conclusion of David Golblatt's big book -- and spend a few minutes browsing the bibliography, too, to see what types of academic research is being done on soccer.    Goldblatt challenges us to look closely at soccer  and to try to understand how both the sport and the society it reflects have changed.  Hegel wrote that the owl of Minerva (representing wisdom) only flies at dusk (when the day is over and it is too late to correct mistakes).  Goldblatt invokes this image both for soccer  and society -- not an optimistic note, is it? You can see that he is disappointed with both the way soccer  is produced and how it is consumed.   What is the social purpose of soccer? Opiate of the masses? Civic religion?  Good, clean fun?  What itch does soccer scratch? Be prepared to give answers to these and other questions in class.   Finally, Goldblatt asks us to think about the values we embrace as we hold tight to this game.  Good questions, all!   Return to top
1B	Historical and social origins GOLDBLATT 1 & 2   Don't be late for today's class -- we begin with video footage of early forms of soccer.   Why is it so important to play a game where the point is just to kick a ball around?  This is the question that Goldblatt poses in the first chapter.  Soccer wasn't invented as an intentional game, like basketball or volleyball, created to serve a particular social purpose.  It seems to have appeared spontaneously and to be both loved and feared.  What is the attraction?  Give this some thought.   Both Goldblatt and another of our authors, Guilianotti, are British and take for granted that you will understand certain British references, so occasional translation is necessary. Goldblatt begins chapter 2, for example, by talking about the importance of British public schools to soccer's development.  It is a quaint irony that "public schools" in Britain were and are actually private academies that include some of the most prestigious prep schools.   As you read chapter 2, make a list of the different reasons given to explain the support given to soccer  by different groups in the public schools.  I'm particularly interested in what you have to say about "muscular Christianity" and Darwinian selection.   As you continue reading, make notes about the role of class, religion and nationalism in the early development of soccer.    Return to top
2A	Historical and social origins GIULIANOTTI Forward & 1   Since Giulianotti's book is out of print, I have created temporary links to pdf files of the chapters on the syllabus.  Click here to download the first reading.   Giulianotti is an British author who writes for an advanced reader, so you may sometimes need to work through his essays slowly, keeping an eye out for British English usage.  He will assume that you know the things that any British soccer fan would know, such as that the FA is the British Soccer Association and some social theory, too. You will adjust pretty quickly to his style, I think. I find some of his analysis to be stunningly insightful, so your patience will be rewarded.   The forward is very useful in providing an intellectual perspective.  Note on xii the discussion of the many "social uses" of soccer -- he is arguing that it is not just the game itself that is important but its ability to address social needs. Note as well the periodization that he develops beginning on xiii -- traditional, modern, post-modern.  These are useful concepts that we will use as we trade the development of soccer and society, so pay some attention here to the particular definitions as they relate to social theory.  Throughout the book, make a point of "looking things up."  Do you know what "Taylorism" (xiii) is? Why not do a quick Google search to find out.   Chapter 1 begins with a reprise of the early history of soccer, but with a social theory focus. Note that one of the sports that soccer replaced was bear baiting (5).  This gives us a sense of the crude, violent tastes of early sport fans.   Giulianotti's comment (5-6) about the soccer stadium as an extension of the factory is very interesting.  What does he mean by this? What do you think?   Read the section on global diffusion (6-10) carefully and consider both the "push" forces (those that propelled soccer out of the UK) and the "pull" forces -- the local social gaps that soccer filled.  Which was more important, push or pull? Make a list of push and pull examples for class discussion.   Pages 10-16 are crucial.  Giulianotti lays out a theory of the meaning of soccer in terms of how it brings us together by establishing a shared meaning (social solidarity) and how it further defines us as different from others (opposition and rivalry).  These are key concepts that you will use in your first paper.  Be thinking about the soccer identity project as you read this section.   Please give some thought to how modern society fragments communities and other social institutions and whether sports like soccer make that fragmentation worse or in fact can sometimes heal it.   Are their other social institutions that create meaning in this same way? Political parties? Religions?  National teams at the Olympic games? ???   The final section on soccer and religion is good, too.  It includes the Celtic versus Rangers story, one of the best known in soccer studies.  Go along with Giulianotti as be probes a bit deeper into the relationship between soccer and religion here.   Return to top	Choose your football identity and begin research.
2B	The meanings of football FOER 2 & 8   Foer's book is meant to provide real world data to help us evaluation the theoretical arguments presented in Guilianotti and Goldblatt.  Foer is such a great reporter, don't you think? Try to go beyond his good stories to consider the larger issues.   Chapter 2 presents a detailed analysis of one of the most-studied rivalries in soccer -- the "Old Firm" competition between Rangers and Celtic.  Situated in Glasgow, Scotland, we relive the classic Irish tensions between Catholics and Protestants.  What could be more weird?  What does this rivalry mean?  What is the historic aspect. How is that created or recreated today?  Why do you think people around the world, who have never been to Glasgow or to Ireland, make an effort to connect themselves to the "Old Firm's" battles?  Is it really about religion? What does Foer say about this?  What do you think?   Chapter 8 is about Barcelona versus Real Madrid and this is the big time.  Barcelona and Real Madrid are the real deal.  Ask yourself the same set of questions.  What does this rivalry mean in historic terms.  And what does it mean now?  Why do you think the fans of these two clubs are so passionate? Even more than with Celtic and Rangers, I am interested in how collective identity and opposing rivalry intermix.   For our class discussion think about how you would answer these questions: What do each of the four clubs mean to their supporters and how was that meaning created? How does the rivalry with the opposing club deepen or perhaps distort that meaning? What factors seem to be undermining the original meanings? What factors today reinforce them? How are the two sets of rivalries different and what can we learn from their different characteristics? Some links to use in class: Rangers Celtic Barcalona Real Madrid   Return to top	Please submit a one-paragraph "elevator speech" about your soccer  identity by 4pm on Friday, January 29.   Explain what team/rivalry you have chosen, this this is interesting and why it is interesting to you.   Submit hard copy (no electronic or email versions accepted) to the green folder in my mailbox in the IPE office (Mc213).
3A	Sport, class and nation Video: History of Soccer 1B   Today's class is organized around a video that examines issues relating to the social uses of soccer -- how soccer means different things in different contexts and how soccer is used to construct meaning (as when Mussolini used soccer/calcio to help built Italian national price and unity).   The video chooses four interesting case studies:  Ghana (a former French colony in Western Africa), Spain, Iran and the United States.  There is no advance reading associated with this class, but you might give some thought to how these countries differ and what aspect of soccer's meaning might especially appear in each one.   Return to top	This is a good time to begin research for the first essay, which is due next week.
3B	Spectator cultures GIULIANOTTI 3   Since Giulianotti's book is out of print, I have created temporary links to pdf files of the chapters on the syllabus.  Click here to download this reading.   Spectator cultures are very interesting and important.  Several important books have been written about spectator cultures including two of my favorites: Time Parks, A Season with Verona and Bill Bufford, Among the Thugs.  These are both first-person accounts rather than academic studies; they are fun and informative.   Giulianotti's chapter begins by taking a stand among three competing theoretical perspectives on the nature of soccer spectator cultures.  It is clear from this that we have walked into a controversial area and Giulianotti perhaps assumes that we know more about this than we really do.    Guilianotti examines three types of theory of hooligan fan culture: a Marxist perspective, a view rooted in social psychology and a "social figuration" approach along with critiques of each.   I suggest skimming over this section quickly and focusing on the more accessible material in the second half of the chapter. I'll lead a discussion of the theory section in class.   Here, starting on about page 49, we have an interesting discussion of different types of soccer cultures, beginning with British hooligan culture (the subject of Buford's book), moving on the the Italian "Ultras" (Tim Parks's topic) followed by Latin America and Northern Europe.  Giulianotti ends the chapter by speculating about how soccer's globalization will affect fan culture.   In class we will try to understand the different fan cultures and how their tactics and motivations differ through a role-playing exercise. To do this, we will employ specialization with small groups taking responsibility for the following topics: English football culture and hooliganism in three periods: tradition, modern, post-modern Fans versus Hooligans versus Ultras Fan cultures in Southern Europe and Latin America Fan cultures in Northern Europe   Return to top
4A	Spectator cultures FOER 1 & 3 &4   Giulianotti (see above) talks in a general way about different fan cultures, but doesn't provide detailed case studies.  These three chapters in Foer examine extreme fan groups in Europe and so give us some specifics to work with.    I suggest that we read the chapters in reverse order.  Start with chapter 4 and see if the image of the British football hooligan you have in your mind fits the individuals and groups that Foer meets here.  Ask yourself what they are getting out of their fan experience and what this says about them and about soccer.  Why do you think they express themselves through soccer and not some other activity?   Now move on to Chapter 3, which discusses a number of soccer fan cultures that define themselves in one way or another according to their positions on "the Jewish question" (as Foer puts it) -- Jews, Jewish religion, Jewish players, and so on.  What is striking here are the many ways that different groups define themselves in this regard.  As you read along, make a list of the groups, the ways they define themselves and why.   I saved Chapter 1 for the end because it seems to me to be the most extreme and atypical case -- it is shocking, really.  I think Foer made it the first chapter precisely for its shock value.  I am interested in having us think about the relationship between a relatively peaceful game the brutal and violent attitudes and actions described here.     Don't forget that your first essay is due on Friday.   Return to top
4B	The global game   The reading for today is a chapter from my 2010 book Globaloney 2.0.  Click here to download "The Only Game in Town."   I'd like our class discussion to focus on the "waves of globalization" that have helped make soccer the global game and how the game has changed as a result.   I am also interested in your reaction to the discussion at the end of the chapter concerning the "American exception" -- why soccer does not have a stronger identity in the United States.  What do you think of the various theories cited here?  What is your theory?   Return to top	Essay #1 due on Friday
5A	The money game GIULIANOTTI 5 / FOER 7   Since Giulianotti's book is out of print, I have created temporary links to pdf files of the chapters on the syllabus.  Click here to download this reading.   I think you will like Giulianotti's chapter, which provides a very effective discussion of how concerns about the effects of more and more money (especially television money) on soccer.  Every element of the game seems potentially affected, from the fan base to the ownership to the game on the field.  Read all the chapter, but focus especially on 103-106 for class, because this is where he distills the argument.   Foer's chapter 7 is a case study of money, power and soccer using two Italian teams, Juventus of Turin and AC Milan.  Juventus can be thought of as a "modern" football club, for today's purposes, because its owners the Angelli family (of FIAT auto fame) represent old industrial money. AC Milan is a post-modern phenomenon. It's own is Silvio Berlusconni, the Prime Minister of Italy and head of a media empire.  He represents new "image is everything" wealth.   Are you read Foer, try to find links between what he reports from Italy and the main points that Giulianotti makes in his chapter.  How well do the two stories line up?   Foer ends the chapter at a literary event in Milan held in honor of the Argentinean player Javier Zanetti of Inter (FC Internazionale Milano).  What is Foer's point here?   Return to top
5B	The money game   International football is such a big business that one of the biggest accounting firms, Deloitte, issues annual reports, which they call the Football Money League table.  Click here to read the 2009 report.     It isn't necessary to read the whole report, but I'd like everyone to read the opening (2-5) and closing (32-37) sections.  Then drill down into the detailed analysis of the top clubs and at least a few of the rising teams (plus, of course, the teams most relevant to your own soccer identity).   FourFourTwo, a British soccer magazine, publishes a Rich List of the wealthiest people in soccer including both players and owners.  Click here to see the latest rankings.   UEFA report on The European soccer debt crisis (warning: this is a 12 MB pdf download).   Return to top
6A	The fame game FOER 5  Video: History of Soccer 5A   One effect of the winner-take-all system is that it tends to create both super-leagues and superstar players (and coaches).  That's what I want us to consider for today.  Read Foer chapter 5 to learn about Pelé, the Brazilian soccer superstar.  In class we'll view a video that looks at the development of the superstar phenomenon in historical context, focusing on Sindelar, Puskas, Di Stefano, Pelé, Garrincha, Best, Cruijff and Maradona.  This survey will help us understand how the superstar phenomenon grew and changed in the 20th Century.   Dance tribute to George Best. Garrincha human highlight film More Garrincha (samba version)   Return to top
6B	Race, gender and ethnicity GIULIANOTTI 8   Since Giulianotti's book is out of print, I have created temporary links to pdf files of the chapters on the syllabus.  Click here to download this reading.   Society divides itself along many axis.  Class, race and gender are particularly significant social cleavages.  Since soccer is a reflection of society, it is unsuprising that these factors appear significantly, both on the field and in the stands.   This is the first of three classes that attempt to understand class, race and gender in soccer.  We begin with this chapter in Giulianotti, which explore all three issues.  We will divide into groups to discuss the issues (much as we did in discussing spectator cultures) and then report to the whole on what we have learned.  The themes we discuss today will be developed in different ways over the next two classes (see below).   A particularly good (which is to say bad) example of football sexism can be found on the BBC television series Footballers' Wives.   Return to top
7A	Race, gender and ethnicity Video: Bend it Like Beckham (BILB)   As you watch today's video make a list of the ways that class, gender and race enter into the story (and the relationship between these social issues and soccer).  We would like to think that sport in general (and soccer in particular) can heal these social divisions.  But we know that this isn't always the case. Return to top
7B	Race, gender and ethnicity Video: Bend it Like Beckham (BILB)   We finish the film today and discuss how race, gender and ethnicity are treated. Why is soccer a particularly good (or bad?) way to approach these issues? Are the points made in the film universal or do you think they are specific to the particular communities (Britain, Indian Diaspora) that are the focus of the film?   Return to top
8A	Race, gender and ethnicity FOER 6 & 9   We would like to think that sport in general (and soccer in particular) can heal these social divisions.  But we know it might not be the case.  What does BILB have to say in this regard?  Does soccer triumph over local prejudices and cultural norms in the film? In life?   Foer's chapters give us somewhat different takes on these questions by transplanting them to different locations.  Consider the situation of Nigerian players in Ukraine (chapter 6) or women fans in Iran (the first part of chapter 9 -- the rest of the chapter is more political in focus).    Return to top	Essay #2 due at the start of class on Thursday
8B	The American Exception Foer 10 / Issenberg "Hog the Ball, Kid"   Follow the links from this page to read Sasha Issenberg's brief article on soccer in America.   We conclude the half  by returning to the question of American exceptionalism. Foer and Issenberg provide two points of view. What do you think?   Return to top	Choose one European country and one South American country to follow throughout the second half of the course.
	Spring Break
9A	Football, empire and industry: 1870-1934 GOLDBLATT 4-5   The theme of today's reading is how soccer spread around the world from its home in Great Britain. This discussion is important both as history and as a commentary on what we might call "soft power" or cultural imperialism.  Part of Britain's influence over world affairs in the 19th and 20th centuries derived from the power of its culture to influence people around the world.  The formal "hard power" empire was dwarfed in some respects, it is said, by its informal "soft power" cultural empire. People make a similar argument about the United States today, so the study of this history is an opportunity to reflect upon contemporary affairs.   Chapter 4 examines the spread through the British Empire, especially Australia, India and the United States.  It is all interesting, especially part I that examines soccer as part of British cultural imperialism.  Also  focus especially on the U.S. (section III) and the historical vignette on pp 109-111.   Chapter 5 traces the spread of soccer to the rest of the world, including especially Europe and South America.  Once again, I encourage you to read the whole chapter, but the sections that I find especially interesting are I,  III, V and VI.   In class I will be asking you to compare and contrast these two chapters and to try to explain why soccer was more successfully transplanted to the "informal" empire rather than the formal one.   Return to top
9B	Football, empire and industry: 1870-1934 GOLDBLATT 6-7   The tension between states (national interests and nationalism) and  markets (individual interests and the profit motive) is fundamental to modern society, so it is unsurprising that it is fundamental to soccer as well.  These two chapters examine how these two forces shaped soccer in the first third of the 20th century.  The battle between then continues today.    Goldblatt chapter 6, which discusses the rise of professionalism in soccer and its many and different effects.  As you read this chapter, take special note of how professionalism and commercialization influenced the organization of soccer clubs, the development of women's soccer and respect for racial and ethnic differences.   Fifa and soccer-driven nationalism was the second key force in this period, with the World Cup its defining moment.  Look closely for the political uses of soccer in Goldblatt 7 and pay consider the different ways that nationalism and commercialism intermixed.   Return to top
10A	Football’s short 20th century: 1934-1974 GOLDBLATT 8-9   This is the first set of readings where our teamwork approach will be used. Please make every effort to read both of Goldblatt's chapters before class, but pay special attention to your role in terms of the European and South American team you have adopted for this part of the class.   The over-arching theme of today's readings is how soccer embodied the nature of the state and state relations in the depression/WWII era of 1945-1954.  The world is split in two:  Europe, caught up and overwhelmed with fascism, communism and  War and Latin America, virtually a world apart more concerned with internal affairs (what we would call today "nation building") and a hunger for international recognition.   Chapter 8: Note Goldblatt's strong statement about Lain America at the bottom of page 266 and then think about how the experiences of Argentina, Brazil and Columbia differ.  Uruguay's two World Cup wins bookends this chapter and make us think about an era that began with the first win but closed with the second. Chapter 9: Yes, I know.  It's a long chapter with a lot of details but worth your attention.  You will find the story of Franco and Spanish fascism quite familiar, but Spartak versus Dinamo in the Soviet Union is new and gives an early vision of the tensions that many years later produced the collapse of communism.  The political use of football by Mussolini is fascist Italy is noteworthy, too.  But my favorite stories are of Hungary's Golden Team of the 1950s and Germany's World Cup win in 1954.  Hungary tells the story of unlikely hope crushed while Germany signals a  certain quite hopeful rebirth.   At the end of the day, we come back to soccer and the state and how soccer reflects the concerns of the state and how the state uses soccer to address those concerns.   Return to top
10B	Football’s short 20th century: 1934-1974 Video: History of Soccer 2A   Video Citation: History of Soccer: The Beautiful Game, Volume 2, "Evolution." DVD. Los Angeles, CA : Shout! Factory ; New York, NY : Distributed by Sony Music Entertainment, 2001   A break from reading.  We will watch a video on the evolution of global soccer during the period we have been studying.  This is a prelude for what's coming next ...   Return to top
11A	Football’s short 20th century: 1934-1974 GOLDBLATT 10-11   Chapter 10 continues the theme that soccer and society are tightly intertwined. This time the message is a really dark one.  Although Latin American soccer was known for its joyous and creative style, all changed in the 1950s and 60s as repressive and authoritarian governments came to power.  As society became more brutal, soccer changed to reflect this.   Chapter 11 is a rather magnificent piece of writing and research.  Each of the national vignettes captures a different aspect of soccer and society in Europe during these years.  I find the stories of the Hungarians, Spanish, Soviets, British and the Netherlands particularly interesting.  Focus in on one or two of the stories, but read on to the end for the 1974 World Cup final.   The bottom line for this set of readings is for you to appreciate the dramatic changes that took place in Latin America and Europe in the 50s and 60s and the how soccer was transformed by them.    Class note:   I'm going to break the class into two discussion groups (Latin America and Europe, to match Goldblatt's organization) and ask you to come up with reports about how the relationship between soccer and society changed from the first part of this period (1934-54) to the second (1955-74).  Your groups will need to try to draw some general conclusions about the nature of the change using examples from the particular countries as evidence.   Return to top
11B	Things fall apart: 1974-1990 GOLDBLATT 13 Video: History of Soccer 6B   This is a very interesting chapter that opens our discussion of the next era of soccer history.  Watch for three major themes:   The first is globalization -- soccer's shift from its centers in Europe and Latin America to virtually the entire world.  The World Cup is of course part of this story.   The second theme is the overt commercialization of soccer, which Goldblatt explains in terms of a devilish bargain involving FIFA's World Cup, global television and global sports companies like Nike and Adidas.   The third theme is power and the way that the first two forces were both cause and effect of the centralization of power in FIFA.   Pay particular attention to Goldblatt's discussion of soccer in the US and Pele's Cosmos.   We have a great video to accompany today's readings.  Enjoy!   Return to top
12A	Things fall apart: 1974-1990 GOLDBLATT 14   This chapter is about turning points in European soccer and society.  It begins with one dramatic turning point (Heysel) and ends with another (the 1990 World Cup in Italy).  Each story here is told in a way that highlights a critical moment or change in direction.   As you read this chapter I'd like you to keep two lists -- one of "turning points" in soccer and a second of "turning points" in society, including especially politics.  We will base our class discussion on these turning points and their significance.   Return to top
12B	Things fall apart: 1974-1990 GOLDBLATT 15   How should we describe politics and society in Latin America in this period?  Disaster?  Poison?  Although their were a few bright moments much of the story is of repression, corruption and chaos.  And yet this was a period when Latin American football arguable reached a peak.  This fact complicates our attempt to understand the relationship between soccer and society.   Was brilliant soccer figuratively born out of this chaos (here I am thinking of the story of Maradona's actual birth, which is reported here)?  Was it because of the political situation (Brazil?) or in spite of it -- even in opposition to it (Argentina)?    History of Soccer: The Beautiful Game, Volume 3, "Brazil." DVD. Los Angeles, CA : Shout! Factory ; New York, NY : Distributed by Sony Music Entertainment, 2001   Return to top	Essay #3 due on Friday
13A	Things fall apart: 1974-1990 Video: History of Soccer 3B GOLDBLATT 15 continued   We continue our discussion of soccer in Latin America to see if Brazil's experience is repeated elsewhere.  In class we will watch videos that focus on Argentina, Columbia and Mexico and discuss what these stories tell us about soccer and its connection to broader social and political forces.   History of Soccer: The Beautiful Game, Volume 3, "South American Superpowers." DVD. Los Angeles, CA : Shout! Factory ; New York, NY : Distributed by Sony Music Entertainment, 2001   Return to top
13B	Things fall apart: 1974-1990 Video: History of Soccer 2B GOLDBLATT 17   I know you've just turned in your third paper, but there is no time to rest with the end of the semester fast approaching.  The topic for your final paper is due on in class next Tuesday.   We begin the final days of the class with a section that Goldblatt calls "Football and the End of History."  It is the history of your lifetimes, of course, the period 1990 to today. Today's chapter is about Europe, "Football Through the Looking Glass."   History of Soccer: The Beautiful Game, Volume 2, "European Superpowers." DVD. Los Angeles, CA : Shout! Factory ; New York, NY : Distributed by Sony Music Entertainment, 2001     Return to top
14A	Football and the end of history: 1990-today GOLDBLATT 18  Video: Hist.3 of Soccer 5B   In IPE we study the "CNN effect," which is how the bright light of live television changes everything.  The specific case of the CNN effect is how coverage of conflict changes the conflict -- changes what can be done, to whom, by whom and how.    Our theme today is the media and the idea that there is a similar but related CNN effect for soccer.  Goldblatt makes it his theme in his chapter on soccer in the Americas in the current period and we will examine it through an interactive class exercise.     History of Soccer: The Beautiful Game, Volume 5, "The Media." DVD. Los Angeles, CA : Shout! Factory ; New York, NY : Distributed by Sony Music Entertainment, 2001   Return to top	Final Paper topic due at the start of class today! Prepare a brief "elevator speech" that explains (1) what question you are going to try to answer (2) why this is interesting in general and (3) why this is particularly interesting to you!
14B	Video: Phörpa (The Cup) GOLDBLATT Conclusion   Goldblatt's Conclusion returns to the basic theme of the book, which is how well soccer reflects society.  Goldblatt clearly sees soccer on the brink of losing all meaning and relevance, so it is not surprising that he is a social pessimist, too.  And yet, in the very final pages, he seems to hold out a bit of hope -- a good way to end things, I believe, with hope amid ambiguity.   And so I want to end the class in the same way be viewing The Cup.  You can view the theater trailer here http://www.imdb.com/video/screenplay/vi1451950361/   You can find the plot synopsis (one in English and another in Italian) here http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0201840/plotsummary   Warning: The Cup is an international film (from Bhutan) and it moves at a slower pace than your typical American film.  The pace of the movie reflects the different pace of life in the world that we have entered.  It is a pace that gives us time to appreciate small things and fine points -- you should try to embrace it.  It is also a pace that makes modern life seem quite jarring and disruptive.  You should try to take this feeling on board, too.   Return to top
15A	Extra time GOLDBLATT conclusion   We will view the last 15 minutes of The Cup and talk about the big themes and what we think of them.  A lot of goals are scored in extra time -- I wonder why?  Is it because everyone is so tired?  Or is it because so much is at stake?  That's why I have titled today's class "extra time."  We will certainly be a bit weary at the end of the term, yet this is where the biggest opportunities lie.   As you watch the final scenes of The Cup, pay special attention to the conclusion. What is the film's final message?  What, if anything, does this say about the future of soccer ... and the society it embodies?   Return to top
15B	No Class -- Reading Period   Return to top
16	Finals week   Final paper due by Noon on Tuesday May 11, 2010.   Return to top	Final paper due by Noon on Tuesday May 11, 2010.

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