Biology 111

Final Exam Review/Study Questions

Multiple choice. Circle all correct answers.

1. At which level of protein structure are interactions between R groups important?

a. primary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. quaternary

 

2. Large amounts of rough ER are present in a cell that ...

a. synthesizes proteins for export

b. synthesizes proteins for intracellular use

c. detoxifies poisons

d. is cancerous

 

3. You move an onion epidermal peel from distilled water to a 5% salt (NaCl) solution. Assume the onion cell membrane has no transport proteins for Na+ or Cl-. After a few minutes ...

a. the amount of salt in the cytoplasm of the onion cells will not have changed.

b. water will no longer pass into or out of the cytoplasm of the onion cells.

c. the salt levels will be at equilibrium inside and outside the cytoplasm of the onion cells.

d. the turgor pressure inside the cells will have increased

 

4. Which of the following processes below generate(s) ATP? Put an asterisk by the process that generates the most ATP.

a. glycolysis

b. Krebs cycle

c. electron transport chain of cellular respiration

d. fermentation

 

5. Muscle cells that are deprived of O2 convert pyruvate to ___A____ to obtain ___B____.

A
B

a. lactic acid

a. ATP

b. ethanol

b. NADH

c. CO2

c. NAD+

d. glucose

d. ADP

6. At the end of photophosphorylation, the energy from light resides in ...

a. NADPH

b. glucose

c. O2

d. ATP

 

7. Which of the following compounds is an electron carrier?

a. ATP

b. NADH

c. NADPH

d. FADH2

 

8. Which of the following conditions might cause an isolated chloroplasts to fluoresce under bright light?

a. excess O2

b. insufficient O2

c. insufficient CO2

d. insufficient NADP+

 

9. You've injected a basic (high pH) solution into the interior of a thylakoid of a chloroplast without otherwise disturbing the chloroplast at all. What effect will this manipulation have on ATP synthesis?

a. ATP production will increase

b. ATP production will decrease

c. ATP production will remain unchanged

d. Not enough information is given to tell.

 

10. Sister chromatids have which of the following characteristics in common?

a. the same genes

b. the same alleles

c. the same length

d. the same daughter cell destination in anaphase I of meiosis

 

11. Which of the following conditions stimulate the EXPORT of K+ out of guard cells?

a. water deficiency

b. high internal CO2

c. high light

d. high internal O2

 

12. You cut a plant stem from a leafy branch high on a tree on a sunny day and notice a small droplet exuding from both cut ends. Where does this liquid come from?

a. xylem

b. phloem

c. epidermis

d. ground tissue

 

13. Phloem transport of sucrose can be described as going from "source to sink." Which of the following would normally function as a sink?

a. growing fruit

b. growing root

c. mature leaf

d. shoot tip

 

14. In the evaporation-cohesion-tension model of xylem transport, what generates the tension?

a. osmotic uptake of water across the endodermis

b. hydrogen bonds between water molecules

c. active transport of ions into the endodermis

d. evaporation of water from leaves

 

15. At the start of translation, ____A_____ binds to the _____B______ .

A
B

a. a transcription factor

a. 3' poly A tail

b. RNA polymerase

b. promotor

d. the small ribosomal subunit

c. 5' cap

d. the large ribosomal subunit

d. large ribosomal subunit
 

16. After police collected a drop of blood sample at the scene of the crime, they might use which of the following techniques in obtaining a suspect's genetic fingerprint?

a. gel electrophoresis

b. restriction enzyme digestion

c. PCR

d. cloning

 

17. What are the four types of macromolecules? Which class is different in structure from the rest? How is it different?

 

18. Refer to the reaction below to answer parts a and b.

a. Is the compound to the left acting as an acid or a base?

b. Does this reaction lead to an increase or a decrease in pH?

 

How (IN, OUT, or WON'T MOVE) and by what process (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, SIMPLE DIFFUSION, FACILITATED DIFFUSION) will the molecules listed in the table below cross this membrane? Note that the direction of movement is given to you for glucose and H+.

Molecule
Net Movement
(IN, OUT, WON'T MOVE)
Process
Na+

Glucose
IN

H+
IN

O2

20. Refer to the reaction below to answer parts a through c.

a. This reaction represents ...

oxidation

reduction
(circle neither, one, or both)

b. X+ is undergoing _______________ to become XH.

c. YH2 is undergoing _______________ to become Y.

 

21. Consider the reaction: glucose -----> CO2.

a. Diagram this reaction on the axes below, labeling the axes, DG, and EA.

 b. Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic ? (Circle one)

c. Is DG for this reaction positive or negative ? (Circle one)

 

22. Which of the transport mechanisms to the right are directly involved in the processes listed to the left? Place the correct letter for the transport mechanism in the blank to the left of the process. Each blank has only one letter; letters may be used more than once or not at all.

______ Sugar entering phloem at "source"

A. Diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion

______ Water entering phloem at "source"

C. Active transport
D. Osmosis

______ Water exiting leaves through stomates

E. Endocytosis
F. Exocytosis

______ K+ moving into guard cells


______ CO2 entering leaves through stomates


______ O2 exiting leaves through stomates


23. Use the diagram of the cell below to answer parts a through c.

a. What are the names of the structures indicated in the diagram? Fill in the correct structure names in the blanks to the right of their associated letters.

b. Is this cell a prokaryote, animal, or plant cell? How do you know?

 

c. Based on its contents, what is the general function of this cell? Explain your answer.

 

24. In each blank, place the letter(s) of the cellular compartment(s) in which the process takes place.

_______ Glycolysis

A. Mitochondrial matrix

_______ Electron transport chain

B. Mitochondrial intermembrane space

_______ Krebs cycle

C. Chloroplast stroma

_______ Calvin cycle

D. Thylakoid interior

_______ H+ build-up

E. Nucleus

_______ Transcription

F. Cytosol

_______ Translation

G. Thylakoid membrane

_______ Light reactions

H. Mitochondrial inner membrane

25. In which of the processes are the following components directly used? Place the correct letter for the component in the blank to the left of its associated process. Each blank has one or more letters; letters may be used more than once or not at all.

A. DNA polymerase

D. DNA nucleotides

G. ribosomes

B. RNA polymerase/primase

E. RNA nucleotides

H. primers

C. transcription factors

F. mRNA

I. tRNA

______________ DNA replication

______________ Eukaryotic Transcription

______________ Translation

______________ PCR

 

26. In the following DNA sequence,
a. draw a box around the part of the template strand that codes for amino acids in the final polypeptide

b.write in the polarities of each end of both strands.

____ T A T C G G A T A A G T C T C G T G T A T A T A ____
____ A T A G C C T A T T C A G A G C A C A T A T A T ____

 

27. You've decided to examine the effect of light intensity on photosynthetic rate. Your experimental design involves placing a plant in an enclosed chamber, exposing it to high intensity light, and measuring how the oxygen concentration in the chamber changes over time. You then repeat the experiment with the same plant, this time exposing the plant to low intensity light. Finally, you conduct the experiment one last time, this time with the plant in complete darkness. Below are the results of your experiment.

a. What happened to oxygen concentration when the plant was exposed to high intensity light? What processes are occurring to cause this effect? Explain your answer.

 

b. What happened to oxygen concentration when the plant was exposed to low intensity light? What processes are occurring to cause this effect? Explain your answer.

 

c. What happened to oxygen concentration when the plant was kept in darkness? What processes are occurring to cause this effect? Explain your answer.

 

28. Answer the following questions on enzyme activity.

a. Enzymes are very specific in their catalytic functions, with each enzyme generally catalyzing only a single reaction. How is it that an enzyme in a mixture of possible substrates reacts only with its own substrate?

 

b. Enzymes speed reactions by lowering the activation energy. How do they do that?

 

c. Given that enzymes make a reaction proceed faster, can they cause more of a product to be made than would be found at equilibrium without the enzyme? Why or why not?

 

d. What would be the predicted reaction rate response to a) a enzyme concentration gradient and b) a substrate concentration gradient? Explain the rationale for each of these predictions.

 

e. Temperature and pH generally have drastic effects on enzyme activity. What do these environmental factors do to enzymes to alter their ability to catalyze their reactions? What would graphs of reaction rate vs. temperature and reaction rate vs. pH look like?

 

 

29. Skin color in your favorite Tyrannosaurus rex, Barney, is controlled by three alleles, two of which are codominant. The codominant red (CR) and blue (CB) alleles are both dominant to white (c). The famous purple Barney meets, woos, and marries Barnedette, who is red (I guess this makes Barney's third wife this semester. Nobody ever claimed that T. rex was a faithful husband!). After the proper period of time, Barnedette conceives and lays an egg, out of which hatches darling blue Baby Bop (oh no, more!) that they love dearly (I'm sure you know the song, "I love you, you love me ..."). You can safely assume that Barney is Bop's father (remember, this is children's television.)

a. What are the genotypes of each individual in our story?

Barney

Barnedette

Baby Bop

 

b. Assuming Barney and Barnedette have a large family, what would be the expected (1) genotypes, (2) genotypic ratio, (3) phenotypes, and (4) phenotypic ratio of their offspring? Show your work, including a (5) Punnett square.

 

(F1) genotypes and ratio:

 

(F1) phenotypes and ratio:

 

30. Which of the following fingerprints probably belong to siblings? (Differences in thickness of the bands was introduced by the web--don't attach any significance to it!)

 

31. Below is a diagram of a cell undergoing a change. Use the diagram to answer the questions below.

a. What kind of a cell is the large round one shown by "a"?

b. What kind of molecule is shown by "b"?

1. relay molecule

2. receptor protein

3. protein kinase

4. ligand-gated ion channel

c. What kind of molecule is shown by "c"?

1. relay molecule

2. receptor protein

3. protein kinase

4. ligand-gated ion channel

d. What are the structures shown by "d"?

e. What is the function of the structures shown by "d"?

 

32. Cancer occurs when normal genes undergo mutation. What is the usual function of these normal genes?