1. What three subatomic particles compose atoms, what is the electrical charge of each, and where in the atom are they located?

 

2.What is the symbol for each of the following elements? (You should know these&emdash;they will be useful throughout the course.)

Element	Symbol	Element	Symbol	Element	Symbol
Carbon	C	Sulfur	.	Phosphorus	.
Hydrogen	.	Chlorine	.	Calcium	.
Oxygen	.	Potassium	.	Iron	.
Nitrogen	.	Sodium	.	Magnesium	.

 

3. Distinguish among the following sets of terms. Illustrate each term with an example.

atom, ion, isotope, molecule, and compound

polar and nonpolar bonds

ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds

organic and inorganic compounds

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

 

4. What determines the electrical charge of an atom or molecule?

 

5. What kind of bond can be polar? What makes a bond polar? What are some examples of polar bonds? What are some examples of non-polar bonds?

 

6. Water is the most abundant molecule in your body. What properties of water are important for many life-sustaining processes and for the structural integrity of your cells? How is hydrogen bonding important for these properties?

7. Which of the following statements about a covalent bond is FALSE?

a. It is stronger than a hydrogen bond.

b. A covalent bond can form between two atoms of the same element.

c. Only a single covalent bond can form between two atoms.

d. A covalent bond results from the sharing of at least two electrons by two atoms.

e. A covalent bond can form between atoms of different elements.

f. All of these are true about a covalent bond.

 

8. What defines a substance as an acid? A base? What is a buffer?

9. List the functional groups covered in lecture. What are their structures? What are their properties?

 

10. What characteristic unites the lipids? What are the three main groups of lipids? What are the functions of each group?

 

11. What is a fatty acid? How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

 

12. Describe the general structure, monomer, and function of each of the three classes of macromolecules. Give several examples of each class.

 

13. Glucose is the only monomer for several different polymers. In what way do these polymers differ?

 

14. What comprises the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of a protein? What bonds are responsible for each of these levels of protein structure? Between what portions of the protein do these bonds form? Be as specific as possible.

 

15. Quaternary structure of a protein ...

a. is when there is more than one subunit in a protein.

b. is usually unrelated to the function of the protein.

c. is present in only some proteins.

d. is held together primarily by covalent bonds.

e. is best described by its order of amino acids.

 

16. Draw a diagram (cartoon) of a nucleotide and label the sugar, the phosphate, and the nitrogenous base.

 

17. How do DNA and RNA differ structurally? What is the major role of each one in the cell?

 

18. What nucleotide is commonly used by cells in energy transformations? What are its forms? How do their energy levels compare?